Kattner,+C


 * 1/20/11 - Due By January 24th**
 * How does the diversity of species on sediment covered shores compare with that of the rocky shore? Suggest at least one reason why this occurs.**

Sediment covered shores contain species such as crabs, mollusks, meiofauna. They are more likely to appear in the east coast because of the ability for them to bury themselves during low tide. Rocky covered shores contain species such as limpets, sea stars, mussels, and hermit crabs appear more on the west coast because of their ability to attach themselves to rocks with their abyssal threads during low tide. There are many reasons why this could occur. One reason is because different animals have different adaptations. Most of the animals of the east coast would have a difficult time adapting to the conditions on the west coast. they would have no where to dig to take cover. The same is the case for the animals on the west coast, they would have a difficult time surviving on the east coast because they would not have the physical ability to adapt to the conditions it was handed. What causes the difference between the coasts? 9 Points (Kattner, C. 1/25/11 12:32 pm)


 * 1/31/11 - Due By February 5th**
 * Observe the chart located below. Pick one organism from each of the four zones indicated in the chart and describe it's ability to live in the zone when taking into account the substrate, means of reproduction, feeding method, exposure to the air, defense mechanism, and the rise and lowering of the tide.**

=
Periwinkles are able to live in splash zone because to their small shell with it's spiral and operculum or a covering which closes. Having a shell protects them from being pushed into rocks by the currents or waves. Reproduction for the females egg becomes fertilized at night and only during high tide to ensure that the eggs will disperse and wont be exposed to the air, the egg hatches into larval which floats in the water. Periwinkles are deposit feeders. They eat algae and plankton by using their radula. They break down their food by mixing it with their mucous. They cluster on moist rock in the splash zone. Defense mechanism for the periwinkles is their shell. Periwinkles can live for many days without food or water by retaining moisture in their gills. They close themselves into their shells and let out a mucous that hardens firmly to a rock during a dangerous tide. =====

=
The chiton is found in the high intertidal zone. They use their muscular foot to move around. Reproduction is done externally, but sometimes the female will brood the eggs within their mantle cavity. The chiton is a deposit feeder. Some species are predatory and have an enlarged anterior girdle. They will catch small invertebrates by holding up the girdle and clamping down on their prey. During a low tide the chiton will hide under rocks and during high tides they move around. =====

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Sea stars have the ability to extrude their stomachs, off the substrate and secrete mucus strands from the grooves between the rows of tube feet. Sea stars usually reproduce by free-spawning: releasing their gametes into the water where they are fertilized by gametes from the opposite sex, they also gather into groups when they are ready to release there egg, this is to increase the chance of reproduction. Most eat clam, oysters and snail and some are detritivores meaning they eat decomposed animals. Because of the water vascular system, sea stars and other echinoderms dont have the ability to filter pollutants and toxins out of the water they inhabit.Sea stars use a self-amputation mechanism. They detach their own limb to escape a predator. Their limbs grow back very quick. =====

Hermit crabs live on sediment covered shores and use empty shells as homes. The hermit crab usually uses a shell as a mobile home. Hermit crabs reproduce by larvae that are released by the crab. Hermit crabs eat algae and debris in the ocean. The hermit crab can be exposed to air but most live in water. A defense mechanism of the hermit crab is its claws which can scare other animals. When the tide becomes low crabs like to stay in the water so they can release their larvae and reproduce. 15 Points (Kattner, Coral 2/8/11 2:20 pm)

Assignment 4 Blueworldtv The King of Crustaceans Posted 2/9/11 Due by February 9th

**1. What color is an American lobster? Is it red in the wild?** They are red when cooked; in the wild they are an olive greenish color.

**2. How do lobster fishers make sure that the mature egg-laying females do not get caught? How does this improve the future viability of the species?** They put a v-notch in her tail so other fishermen know that she is a good breeder and not to catch her. It makes it that fisherman know that she breeds eggs and it makes it that the lobster catching industry is going to be around for quite some time.

Most lobsters walk right by the traps. They don’t even bother getting inside of them.
 * 3. What do most lobsters do when they approach a lobster trap underwater? **

Crusher- large, rounded, molar-like teeth on the outside. There are slow-twitch muscles for strength and endurance on the inside. They are characterized by their ability for strong contractions.
 * 4. What are the two claws of a lobster called and how are they different in design? **

Pincher- sharp, small, scissor-like claws that are used in handling and tasting food. There are tiny hairs on the inside of the pincers, which are sensitive to touch and taste.

Spiny lobsters have horns about its eyes, American lobsters don’t, and spiny lobsters don't have claws. 5 Points (Kattner, Coral 2/9/11 2:02 pm)
 * 5. Internet research: what makes an American lobster different from a Spiny lobster? **

Assignment 3 - NOT COMPLETED BY THE DUE DATE

Posted 2/7/11 Due by February 10th In which intertidal zone of a steeply sloping, coarse sand beach would you find each of the following organisms: clams, beach hoppers, ghost shrimp, sand crabs, and heart urchins? Include a picture of each of the five species and tell what type of adaptation (structural, behavioral, physiological) it shows and explain why it is that type. 0 Points

Assignment 6 Posted 2/18/11 due 2/22/10 Research the Blue crab. We discussed how one can tell the sex by the color of the claws, however it can also be done by looking at the apron. Provide four pictures of the aprons which identify the male crab, the "sally", the "sook", and the "sponge". Explain the difference function of the apron for the three types of females.

Sally

The apron in the immature female is sealed shut until she is old enough to mate.



Sook The apron in a mature female is used to mate or carry eggs - does not carry eggs



Sponge The sponge carries the fertilized eggs under the abdomen.

Jake 6.5 Points (Kattner, C 2/22/11 4:02pm)


 * Posted 2/28/11 ** - **Due by March 1st**
 * Review the pictures posted below of the organisms. As impossible as it seems, all of the species below are found in the same order ( Decapoda). Without doing any research other than viewing the pictures, discuss three possible features which can account for these species being in the same order. **

1 Point (Kattner, Coral 3/2/11 7:14 am)
 * They all have walking legs, ** segmented Body ** they all have more than 4 legs, ** Jointed Appendages ** they all have an exoskeleton. **

__Assignment 7__ Posted 3/4/11 **- Due by March 7th**
 * Pick three of the following members of class Asteroidea: (Pillow star, Cushion star, Cake Sea star, Crown of Thorns, Bat star, Brisingid, Basket star, Shiny sun star). Provide a picture of each of the stars you opt for. In looking at the pictures, discuss some possible reasons for the vast differences in structure, habitat, feeding, reproduction, defense, color scheme and so forth. Research if you must but remember we are looking for possibilities. **


 * Cushion Star **
 * The cushion star excrets huge amount of mucus to protect itself from predators. ** What does it feed off? Where would it be found?

Its color lets predators know it is posionus, and it has spikes on it to protect itself from harm. What does it feed off? Where would it be found?
 * Crown of Thorns **

Brisingid Star it has longer legs to make it easier to get food and to away from predators. What does it feed off? Where would it be found?

(Kattner, C 3/8/11 8:44 am) 5 Points

__Assignment 8 Menhaden__ **Posted 3/21/11 due 3/22/11** Read the linked article [|Meet menhaden.pdf]. Once you are done reading the article, answer the following questions. 1. Provide a picture of menhaden 2. Menhaden is a simple filter feeder, just like whales and herring. What makes menhaden different than those other filter feeders? 3. Provide two reasons why Omega Protein is harvesting Menhaden? 4. What does the name menhaden mean? What was the first use of this fish? 5. The U.S. government has spent millions of dollars keeping the menhaden fishing industry functioning for menhaden oil, animal feed, and fertilizer. This has been wasted money and ecologically damaging because those three items have been replaced with what two substitiutes? 6. Describe the fishing technique used by OMega Protein. Why is this techniques successful? 7. Define "forage" fish. 8. What is the importance of the role of menhaden in the ocean? 9. Define Ocean Dead Zone. 10. What will happen if menhaden are eliminated from the ocean?

1.  2. They are the only one main herbivore. 3. It is harvesting Menhaden for fishmeal and poultry feed. 4. The name menhaden means "fertilizer", it was used to help farmers crops grow. 5. It has been replaced by petroleum and soybean substitute. 6. They direct ships to wear the fish swim close to the surface. Who directs the ships? 7. They are described as fuel for the food web. 8. They filter photoplankton out, allowing more sunlight to get through to deeper depths, allowing more plants to grow and create more oxygen. 9. They are low-oxygen areas in the ocean. 10. In time all other aquatic animals will die, because the menhaden being gone will cause a build up of the photo-plankton and algae, which will not allow sunlight through the surface of the water. 4.5 Points (Kattner, Coral 3/22/11 2:06 pm)

Assignment 9 - NOT COMPLETED O Points

__Assignment 10__  **Posted 4/4/11 due 4/5/11**

 1. Provide a picture of a squid.   2. Describe the propulsion method of a squid. Water is taken into the mantle through the siphon and pushed back out, propelling the animal through the water.  3. Look a picture of a snail, clam, and a squid. Provide at least one sound reason on why they can possibly be in the same class. Because each of the species lacks a backbone.  4. Discuss four means of defense the squid possess and how they can be considered a means of defense. a. it can change color to camouflage when it feels threatened. b. it possess an ink sac, which allows it to discharge ink into the water through the siphon. c. They can quickly change its direction, to avoid pretadors. d. Missing answer  5. What advantage if any does traveling in a shoal have for squid? When there are more of them in one spot, if they are approached there is a better chance of more surviving then if one was alone by itself. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 80%; text-indent: 0.5in;"> 6. Discuss the hectocotyl? <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 80%; text-indent: 0.5in;">The hectocotyli is one of the eight arms of the male squid, it has smaller and taller suckers. When the male is mating, it used the hectocotyli to place a packet of sperm in the female’s mantle.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 80%;">7. What advantage is there to a female squid laying eggs in a packet next to another females? <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 80%;"> There is a better chance of more eggs surviving when there are more laid in one spot. 6.5 Points (Kattner, Coral 4/5/2011 8:34 am)

__Assignment 11__ Click on the following <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; padding-right: 10px;">[|website] and scroll over the dark black square at the top and locate the hatchet fish and answer questions 1 through 5. Return to the main page and scroll over the black square and locate the gulper eel. Click on it and answer questions 6 through 10. Return the the main page and locate the firefly squid. Click on it and answer questions 1. Provide a picture of the hatchetfish. 2. Define photophores. 3. Provide two **defensive** adaptations the hatchet fish exhibits to survive in the darkest parts of the ocean. 4. What two roles do the photophores play for the hatchetfish. 5. Does the hatchet fish search for food below it or above it? Explain why. 6. Provide a picture of the gulper eel. 7. How does the gulper eel use photophores to survive? 8. Why must it use the photophores? 9. Due to it's huge mouth, the gulper eel can consume prey the size of itself, which would really slow it down, how is this possibly a advantage to this fish? 10. Explain one physiological adaptation gulper eels have that help their species continue to survive. 11. Provide a picture of the firefly squid. 12. What two reasons firefly squids use their ability to make light? 13. Provide one physiological adaptation shown by the firefly squid and its believed purpose.
 * Posted 4/8/11 due 4/11/11**

1. Provide a picture of the hatchetfish. <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 80%; line-height: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden;"> 2. Define photophores. Light producing organs that run the length of their body

3. Provide two **defensive** adaptations the hatchet fish exhibits to survive in the darkest parts of the ocean. Counter illumination, perpendicular spines and blades in front of dorsal fin. 4. What two roles do the photophores play for the hatchetfish. Help hide from other fish, make them invisible. Courtship?

5. Does the hatchet fish search for food below it or above it? Explain why. The hatchet fish search for food above it, because there is very little light at those deep depths and their eyes face up.

6. Provide a picture of the gulper eel.

7. How does the gulper eel use photophores to survive? The eel uses the light as a fishing lure to attract fish and other creatures.

8. Why must it use the photophores? Because it’s body is not built to chase prey. 9. Due to it's huge mouth, the gulper eel can consume prey the size of itself, which would really slow it down, how is this possibly an advantage to this fish? Because it would not have to eat as often with such a large meal. 10. Explain one physiological adaptation gulper eels have that help their species continue to survive. Large olfactory organs in the males helps them locate their females through pheromones released.

11. Provide a picture of the firefly squid. 12. What two reasons firefly squids use their ability to make light? they can be used to communicate with mates or rivals, and may also be used to disguise the squid's shape and confuse predators.

13. Provide one physiological adaptation shown by the firefly squid and its believed purpose. They have 3 visual pigments, and double-layered retina. It is believed that they have this because they use them to distinguish between ambient light and bioluminescence. 13 Points (Kattner, C 4/11/11 8:37 am)

__ Assignment 12 __ - Blueworldtv.com Episode 7 - Shark wreck Mystery ** Posted 4/15/11 due 4/15/11 **

1. Why do sharks sometimes lose teeth when they mate? **The male bites on to the female to show that he wants to mate**.

2. What possible reasons might explain why the sharks seemed to be doing nothing when the divers were filming?
 * They could have been waiting for them to leave so they could get back to what they were doing. **

3. Why might the sharks have still done nothing when the remote cameras were operating? (hint: think about the senses of a shark, particularly the ampullae ofLorenzini)
 * They might have sensed that they were being watched either way, it might have still been uncomfortable. **

4. What might have affected the behavior of the sharks at night?
 * The Bright lights that they had down there. **

5. What makes the Sand Tiger shark teeth special? 5 Points (Kattner, C 4/15/2011 1:54 pm)
 * They are sharply pointed, but if they bite down on something they break. **

__ Assignment 13 __ ** Posted 4/18/11 due 4/18/11 ** Go to the [|website] provided and read the information provided there. Take special note of the graphs provided as well. Once you are done reading the information, answer the following questions.

1. What is possible for the large difference in attack between surfers, swimmers, divers, and kayakers? 2. Why do you think there is such a large difference in attackers between swimmers and kayakers when the both exhibit roughly the same shape? 3. What three months account for a majority of the shark attacks? ** August, September, October ** 4. What possible reasons can be given for the high attacks in these three months? 5. Explain why or why not time of day plays a factor in when sharks attack. ** Most divers don't enter the water after nightfall, so there won't be as many shark attacks because the sharks have nothing to attack. During the day however, there will be more people in the water, causing the number of attacks to increase. ** 6. Do some research on abalone and explain how they are hunted and where they live. ** Abalones live at the edge of dropoffs and in kelp beds. They are hunted by divers going down deep to get them and detaching them from the rocks which takes some time. ** 7. Why do most shark attacks on people who are gathering marine organisms usually occur on those who are hunting abalone? 8. Why do you think that White sharks account for such a large majority of shark attacks? ** The white sharks are some of the most aggressive and most sensitive to the presence of humans. ** ** 8 Points **
 * Each group does different things, such as the way they move in the water, which leads to differences in the amount of attacks because of the sounds they make. **
 * Usually when a person is swimming they are making much more noise than a kayaker would be. If you are swimming you are usually splashing or moving around alot compared to a kayaker who doesnt do that **
 * The water is probably the warmest so most people go swimming the most in these months **
 * There is a long process in hunting abalone so there is more time. Also it takes awhile to find ones you wanted. **

(Kattner, Coral May 19, 2011 9:27 am)

__Assignment 14__ - Blueworldtv.com Episode 6
 * Posted 4/20/11 due 4/20/11**

1. What are Thresher sharks doing at the seamount? 2. Why would a shark want to allow itself to be cleaned by a fish? What’s in it for the fish? 3. Why did Jonathan use a rebreather insteadof normal scuba gear? i**t causes less noise which allows him to not disturb the animals** 4. Do the sharks feed at the seamount? 5. Do manta rays feed at the seamount? How do the mantas feed? 6. Describe a seamount. 7. What do biologists think Threshers do withtheir long tail? 6 Points (Kattner, C 4/28/2011 12:11 pm)
 * they go to be cleaned.**
 * There is no other way for them to get cleaned, and the cleaner fish get a meal out of it.**
 * No they do not feed at the sea mount.**
 * No they don't, they filter water into their mouth and eat microscopic organisms.**
 * the seamount is about 80 feet under the water and covered with coral. Not described **
 * They think they strike their prey with it to stun them.**

__Assignment 16__ 1. How do the sharks react to the divers in the water? Do they see them as a threat? A competitor for food? 2. Do sharks attack each other in competition for food? What is a “feeding frenzy?” 3. In your opinion, did the sharks exhibit a “feeding frenzy?” 4. What happened after all the food was gone? 5. Why do the shark lose teeth? Is it a bad thing? 6. Internet research: what makes Gray reef sharks somewhat unique in how they hunt? 6 Points
 * Posted 5/4/11**
 * They check them out and see what they are like. No they do not see them as a threat or a competitor for food.**
 * No they do not attack each other in competition for food. an agressive attack on prey.**
 * No they do not. They do not get violent or nasty towards other sharks.**
 * They go back to their normal behavior and calm down again.**
 * No it is not a bad thing, they lose them because they are fragile and they grow back fast.**
 * They don't get violent or nasty towards other sharks. They are very civilized.**
 * (Kattner, Coral 5/4/2011 1:51 pm)**

Assignment 17 Posted 5/6/11 due 5/15/11 1. What six senses do sharks have? 2. Discuss how each of the shark’s six senses function in their search for prey. 3. Different species of sharks have unique attributes that allow them to survive in their specific habitat. Explain the usefulness of some (5) of the adaptations. Characteristics to consider are the shark’s eyes, teeth, diet, body patterns, and tails.

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 80%;">1. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 80%;">Smell, sight, taste, touch, hearing & electroreception.

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 80%;">2. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 80%;"> touch- to feel around the water and to feel other animals touch them. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 80%;"> taste- to eat, they can taste different types of fish. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 80%;"> smell- they can smell when their prey is near, or when another fish is injured. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 80%;"> sight- to see through the water. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 80%;"> hearing- to hear noise that other species make <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 80%;"> distant touch- to be able to tell where another animal is, so they can avoid it or go to it.

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 80%;">3.

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 80%;">-Eyes: They have keen eyesight. Sharks eyes allow them to see in different lights <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 80%;"> -Teeth: Sharks have a lot of teeth and are arranged in layers. When one tooth falls out another grows back in it's place <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 80%;"> -Diet: They feed on the ill, weak, dying or injured because it is easier for them to catch <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 80%;"> -Body Patterns: Some have coloring that camoflauges the sharks <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 80%;"> -Tails: Sharks use their tails for speed and acceleration. Some sharks use their tail to stun their prey 10 points (Kattner, Coral 5/19/2011 9:47 am)

__Assignment 18 - Blueworldtv.com "Swimming with Jaws"__

1. How do Great White sharks attack seals and sea lions? **They attack them from below.** 2. How do the sharks react to divers? **They don't seem to interested in them because of the bait that they have put out to attract it.** 3. Do Great White sharks seem aggressive towards people? **No they do not seem to be agressive towards people. They don't seem to care that they are there because they know what they want.** 4. How many shark attacks are there in an average year? (Check the internet for some stats). How many sharks are killed by people? Which species is more dangerous? **There are about 60 shark attacks each year. About 60 million sharks are killed by humans each year. The humans are more dangerous towards the sharks then they are towards us.** 5. What is one of the common theories on why Great Whites sometimes accidentally bite humans? (involves outside research). **They confuse them with seals or sea lions.** 6. How do researchers tell Great White sharks apart at Guadalupe Island? **They name them based on their distinguishing marks on individual sharks.** 7. Do Great Whites attack their prey from below or from the same level? Why? 7 Points (Kattner, Coral 5/17/2011 1:50 pm)
 * From below, because they do not want to be seen**.

1. What are some synonyms for the word gyre? How does plastic and trash accumulate in gyres? 2. According to the article, “scientists speculate that toxic chemicals are leaching into fish tissue from the plastic they eat.” What does the word speculate tell you about this claim? 3. Why do scientists think this is true and what further studies need to be conducted? 4. How do PCBs, DDT and other toxic chemicals accumulate in the tissues of organisms and predators in a food chain? 5. What, if anything, should be done about the garbage patch? Why?
 * __Assignment 19 - A Float in the Ocean, Expanding Islands of Trash__**
 * __Posted 5/23/11__**

**1. belt, bowl, current, circumference, it gets caught in a gyre that is an area of heavy currents and slack winds hat keep the trash swirling in a giant whirlpool.** **2.it means that they don't have 100% proof that that is coming from the plastic, but they are about 99% sure.** **3.they think it is true because it is the only realistic reason. they need to find a reason to prove that that is the source of the problem.** **4.they dissolve in the water, but the plastic absorbs the chemicals which then end up in the fishes stomachs and body.** **5.I think somebody needs to find a way to stop plastic from ending up in the ocean. that we need to find some other way to get rid of it, or find a way to recycle it.** **( Kattner, Coral 5/26/2011 2:06 pm)**

10 POints

Assignment 20 0 Points

1. Create a graph showing how the barnacles, mussels, and fucus were affected by the exxon valdez oil spill.



2. Create a data table showing your estimated data.

|| ** Year **
 * ** Fucus Gardneri ** || ** Mussels ** || ** Barnacles ** ||
 * 1989 || 0 || 0 || 0 ||
 * 1990 || 50 || 5 || 5 ||
 * 1991 || 50 || 10 || 10 ||
 * 1992 || 40 || 10 || 30 ||
 * 1993 || 10 || 40 || 10 ||
 * 1994 || 3 || 50 || 30 ||
 * 1995 || 10 || 10 || 20 ||
 * 1996 || 20 || 0 || 20 ||
 * 1997 || 40 || 10 || 20 ||
 * 1998 || 10 || 3 || 3 ||
 * 1999 || 50 || 50 || 1 ||
 * 2000 || 10 || 0 || 0 ||
 * 2001 || 30 || 1 || 5 ||
 * 2002 || 5 || 0 || 40 ||
 * 2003 || 10 || 0 || 30 ||
 * 2004 || 50 || 0 || 1 ||

3. Has Prince William Sound recovered from the oil spill? Your opinion, that of a fisherman from Kodiak, a villager from valdez, an engineer from exxon, and a NOAA biologist.

No I don’t think that Prince Williams Sound has recovered. It may look like it on the surface, but underneath the intertidal zone there is still around 15,000 gallons of oil.

fisherman, most of them have lost their jobs due to the fact that more than half of the fisheries on the sound have been closed for more then 10 years of the 19 years since the incident has happened.

Engineer of Exxon – The person held responsible has gone through criminal and legal prceddings because there is some proof that there was alcohol involved, as well as an insecciffient crew. It could have also been due to stress, work overload, or possibly even lack of navigation. The engineer has faced loss of wages and job.

Scientists continue to watch the area and try to still help clean up the remaining mess. The area will still need time to completely recover.

Villigaer- the Exxon villeger has probably faced health issues, as well as lack of food needed because of the fisheries being closed down.

4. How did the Exxon Valdez Oil spill affect the abundance of life on Mearns Rock?

There was a great abundance of life on the rock before the oil spill. After the oil spill you see that some speies ike the muscles are not there at all anymore. Once something is gone from an area, you can’t be sure that it is coming back. The drop in the amount of speices since after the spill is horrifying.

(Kattner, Coral 6/2/2011 1:55 pm)